I've heard that the 15 minute guideline is for fair skinned people of European descent. If you are dark skinned you'll need a lot more because you'll have melatonin blocking the uv rays. I've also heard that if you live in the northern hemisphere, any sunlight you get between October and March is not useful for vitamin D production because the specific uv wavelength needed isn't present in great enough quantities. I don't know if that's true, but even when a chinook is blowing, I'm not inclined to sit out in the garden sunbathing in February.
At my last annual physical, my doctor told me to start taking 2000 i.u. of vitamin D per day. Sounds like a lot, but I guess the old recommendation of 400 was just the bare minimum to prevent rickets in children.